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TAG: Pakistan's perennial, internal quarell about what it means to be a Muslim threatens the state itself.
IN THE NEWS: AFTER TUESDAY'S ASSASSINATION OF THE GOVERNOR OF LAHORE BY HIS BODY GUARD , PAKISTAN'S RELLGIOUS-SECULAR DIVIDE THEATENS MORE THAN EVER TO SINK INTO VIOLENCE. IT GOVERNOR WAS SALMAN TAZEER'S ELECTION CAMPAIGN AGAINST PAKISTAN'S BLASPHEMY LAW THAT APPARENTLY INSPIRED THE SECULARIST GOVERNOR'S MURDER BY MALIK MUMTAZ QADRI, AN ISLAMIST. PAKISTAN'S BLASPHEMY LAW, ACCORDING TO SECULARISTS, IS BEING ABUSED BY RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISTS TO PUNISH ANYONE LAWFULLY CRITICAL PAKISTAN'S RLEIGIOUS LAWS OR PRACTICES. WHILE SECULARISTS MOURNED AT QADRI 'S FUNERAL, THE ACCUSED WAS CHEERED BY RELIGIOUS RADICALS IN THE COURTROOM AND THROUGHOUT PAKKISTAN. SO FAR THE MURDER HAS STRENGTHENED PAKISTAN'S RELGIOIUS FAR RIGHT, SOME POLITICIANS OPENLY SUPPORTING THE MURDER, HAS WEAKENED THE SECULAR FORCES AND THROWN A CONFUSED GOVERNMENT ON THE DEFENSIVE.
"In early Pakistan, a schizophrenic split between modern and traditional notions of an Islamic society divided the governing class; while the countryside was still mired in ancient, feudal conceptions of power. From the former dilemma comes the recurrent strain of dictatorship and religious radicalism, and from the latter, the perennial corruption which is seen by many as a seigneurial right."
BELOW IS AN ARTICLE SHEDDING LIGHT ON THE ORIGINS OF PAKISTAN'S RELIGIOUS-SECULAR DIVISION:
ASEF ZARDARI IS BUSINESS AS USUAL FOR PAKISTAN
Hugh Graham, Sept. 9, 2008.
If you think the landslide victory of Benazir Bhutto's widower in the vote for president of Pakistan is somehow a watershed for democracy, look more closely at Pakistan. But look closer yet if you think Asef Zardari, with his shady past, means unprecedented disaster. The fact is that Pakistan is not truly democratic and most Pakistani politicians have served under a cloud of scandal. Mr. Zardari is no exception.
Mr. Zardari and his prospects must be looked at in light of the conditions that formed the new state on the Indus river in 1947. Pakistan was made from the Muslim peoples of northwestern British India and of Muslims who migrated there from India proper. Indian Muslims, since their appearance as a force in 16th century India, under the first Moghul, Babur, have had little national consciousness. Until the 19th century, they had a multi-ethnic empire with a large number of Hindu and Indian subjects. Afterward, as the British came to favour Hindu dominance, the Muslims feared eclipse by an increasing Hindu majority. At the end of World War Two, being Indian and Muslim meant fear of submission to Hindu Indian nationalism; or it meant nostalgia for the great Moghul Empires. Neither idea allowed for a modern, Indian Muslim national consciousness and this is what Mr. Zardari, like all Pakistan politicians must deal with.
When Britain decided on the partition of the subcontinent between a Hindu India and a newly created, independent Muslim Pakistan, the vagueness and contradictions of Muslim national identity were transferred from India to the new nation on the Indus. In other words, Pakistan wanted to be Muslim but it had no experience of what it was to be a Muslim state. In early Pakistan, a schizophrenic split between modern and traditional notions of an Islamic society divided the governing class; while the countryside was still mired in ancient, feudal conceptions of power. From the former dilemma comes the recurrent strain of dictatorship and religious radicalism, and from the latter, the perennial corruption which is seen by many as a seigneurial right.
Through constitutional amendments and through the hoarding of constitutional power, the posts of prime minister and of president have been made into weapons wielded by two competing conceptions of Islam. The presidency usually represents conservative, religious interests, while the role of prime minister stands for a more popular and secular Muslim Pakistan. There is an appearance of democracy when parliament is elected and when parliament, in turn, elects politicians to these two posts. But democracy ends there- the posts of president and prime minister are then thrust into a competition for absolute power to shape Pakistan's Muslim identity.
Even in the late 1940s, when Pakistan still had a British constitution, prime ministers were regularly fired. After Pakistan declared itself an Islamic Republic in 1956, disagreement on whether "Islamic Republic" meant a Muslim democracy or theocracy always set the two powerful posts of President and Prime Minister against one another. President Ayub Khan was the first to abolish the post of Prime Minister around 1960. President Ali Bhutto, (Zidari's father-in-law) abolished the presidency and made the post of prime minister all-powerful. General Zia Ul Haq abolished it and brought back the presidency. A later president used his post to drive Zardari's wife, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto from office on charges of corruption. In 1985, the presidency was strengthened by by Article 8 in the constitution. In the 1990s, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif made the post of prime minister all-powerful again and abolished the presidency. General Musharraf, after bringing back the presidency and electing himself to the post, strengthened it further by writing Article 14 of the constitution. The president can now appoint the chief of the military, fire the prime minister and dismiss the government. Zidari has, in effect, inherited a greatly strengthened presidency from President Mursharraf, who was so despised for gathering all that power in the first place. Mr. Ziadari wants to make a modern, secular, Muslim Pakistan aligned with the United States.
Much has been made of President Zidari's reputation for corruption and profiting from state contracts and the old boy network that makes it possible. In fact, he could use the post of president to make his late wife's PPP party into the core of a feudal, one-party state, modified with a little fake, cosmetic pluralism. After all, Nawaz Sharif almost did the same thing with the post of prime minister before he was overtheown by President Musharraf. Conversely, all Zidari would have to do is hold on to his all-powerful post and weaken the prime minister, Mr. Gillani. Like General Musharraf, he will probably do so by forging an alliance with some of the religious parties. By then he would have inherited Musharraf's position along with all of Musharraf's problems: ruling a country at war with itself over conceptions of Islam while devoting himself to Washington's War on Terror. As with Musharraf, he will do so with a demoralized army and elements of his intelligence agencies actively helping the Taliban. In the end, how different will things really be?
RELEVANT DATES:
711- Muslim Arabs conquer the Indus valley.
1000-1027- in 17 raids, Mahmoud of Ghazni conquers a brigand's empire stretching from Kurdistan through Sindh to the Indus. Mahmoud's campaigns are against the Shia Fatimids and non-Muslims like Buddhists and Hindu India. Has a reputation as a bloodthirsty tyrant.
1173-1206- Muhammad of Ghur, another Turkic warlord from Central Asia, also takes Sindh, crosses the Indus, conquering all of northern India and establishing a capital at Delhi which is to remain the capital of Muslim India. His sultanate will last until the arrival of the Moghuls in 1526.
1300- the Valley of the Indis is ruled by the Delhi Sultanate.
1483- the Muslim conqueror Babur fails to establish a kingdom in his native Uzbekistan and instead takes Herat and Kandahar, making them the centre of his future empire.
1545- Kabul is annexed as a Moghul military and administrative area.
1526-761- the region was ruled by the Moghul Emperors.
1526- Babur, the first Moghul, invades India, takes the Indus and the Gangetic plain and founds the Moghul Empire in India.. A Central Asian warlord, his Moghul empire includes Afghanistan and India.
1658-1707- the Mogul emperor Aurangzeb pushes the boundaries of the empire southward.
1747- Ahmad Shah (of the Saddozai family, Abdali clan) commander of Nadir's body guard, takes the name Durrani, meaning 'Pearl of the Age' and establishes the Durrani dynasty of Afghanistan, unites varied tribes in southern Afghanistan around their common link: the Pashtun language. He invades the Gangetic plain of India conquering and weakening the last Moghul emperor Aurangzeb. The modern Afghan nation begins to take shape. His empire extends from near the Caspian Sea to India.
-1840s- the region of the Indus falls under British rule.
-1890- the British acquire west Punjab.
-1906- founder of Pakistan, Mohammed Jinnah, joins the Indian National Congress.
-otherwise, the Pakistan region remains generally loyal to the British Raj; its inhabitants fare relatively well under the British Raj and are well represented in the army and in government.
-but in northern India, where Muslims fare less well, the Muslim League is formed. Its leader, Jinnah, demands greater rights for Indian Muslims.
1930s- Ghandi’s vastly Hindu Indian National Congress, makes it more urgent for the Muslims in the north to form some sort of defensive association.
-as Muslims become marginalized, Mohammed Jinnah steps up the rhetoric of the Muslim League.
1931- seeing little hope in the face of the INC, Jinnah resigns.
1935- Jinnah returns to the Muslim League under popular pressure and reorganizes it along nationalist lines.
1935- the Government of India Act is established and will become Pakistan’s constitution in 1947.
1937- the Muslim league fares badly in Indian elections.
1940, March 23- The Pakistan or Lahore Resolution- Muslims declare that if their lot doesn’t improve, they’ll move toward creating a separate homeland. This is especially popular in the Muslim majority states of the northwest.
1945-1946- the Muslim league makes a powerful showing in provincial elections in India.
-Lord Mountbatten urges the secession of Pakistan.
Indian Independence, Formation of Pakistan.
1947- India becomes independent.
1947- Britain agrees to the formation of an independent Pakistan, separate from India.
15 August- Pakistan becomes independent, comprising Sindh, Punjab and North-West Frontier with the Durand line remaining as the border between the two nations. The border still cuts through the region of the Pashtun people- despite Afghan claims on the entire Pashtun region, which includes much of the Baluchistan region of western Pakistan. Before departing the British had drawn the frontier between west Pakistan and India in haste, forcing bordering principlalities to join either India or Pakistan.
-As Governor General, Mohammed Jinnah, an Ismaili and Shia Twelver is Pakistan’s first head of state.
-an exodus of about 5 million Sikhs and Hindus from West Pakistan into India.
1947- after much bloodshed, the western region separates from India to from the independent Muslim state of West Pakistan, and, on the other side of India in East Bengal, of East Pakistan.
-tension develops between populous East Pakistan and the dominance of West Pakistan which has the vast majority of educated government personnel
-North West Pakistan remains restive because of a history of devout Islam and relative autonomy under the British, while Pnjab has a history of close participation in the British administration.
-the new nation is founded as a Muslim nation, accepting all sects, Sunni, Shia, Ismaili and others.
-unable to find a constituion to govern its discordant entities, Pakistan will be governed by the Government of India act until 1956.
-August 14, 1947- death of Mohammed Jinnah, founder of Pakistan.
1948-the Raja of Kashmir, Hari Singh, a Hindu, finds himself ruling an area with a Muslim majority. After a Pakistan-supported Muslim uprising in west Kashmir, India offers help, provided that Kashmir then becomes part of India. Pakistan, angey that it wasn;t consulted, supports the Muslim insurgents.
1949- the UN brokers a caesefire in Pakistan’s skirmish with India over Jammu and Kashmir. A planned UN-sponsored pleiscite over the fate of the area is never held.
1967- after expulsion from cabinet, Ali Bhutto founds his own secular democratic party.
1971-Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (a Shiite) elected president- begins in a populist, socialist regime. He brings in nationalization and financial independence from the US.
-Bhutto's rule is a high point for Shia hopes in Pakistan and of inclusive Muslim nationalism. Sunni chauvinism begins to take control under Zia Ul Haq.
General Zia Ul Haq overthrows Bhutto
1977- right wing and Islamist opposition to Bhutto leads to a military coup by General Zia Ul-Haq.
1978-1988 Zia Ul Haq becomes president, imposes martial law, prohibits political activity and introduces Sharia.
1978- Prime Minister Ali Bhutto is arrested by Zia Ul Haq's regime on charges of corruption and murder.
1979- April 4- after being sentenced to death, Bhutto is hanged.
1979- Zia ul Haq repairs US relations by backing the US- supported Afghan Muhehadeen against the Soviet invasion. US support leads to high economic growth throughout the 1980s.
-Sunni radical madrassas of Pakistan supported by Saudi Arabia, that began in the 1980s- are seen as a bulwark against Iran. They in turn give rise to the Taliban. So the Taliban arise from the confrontnation of Saudi Arabia with Iran
1980s-1990s- Islamist groupb Lashkar-e-Toiba first fights Soviets in Afghanistan then switches to Kashmir
1988- President Zia Ul-Haq killed at Dhaka in a plane crash.
1988- Aslam Beg of the Inter Services Intelligence Agency (ISI) forms a coalition of religious parties (the IJI) against election campaign of Benazir Bhutto. When the relgious coaltion loses, the ISI throws its support behind her rival, Nawaz Sharif, then Chief Minister of Punjab.
1990- constant challenges from a conservative presidency leads to the dismissal of Benzir’s Bhutto’s government. She is charged with corruption in an offensive believed to be backed by the ISI. Her husband is also placed under arrest for corruption.
Bhutto Ousted.
1990- ISI brokers another coalition against Bhutto and raises large amounts of money to back Sharif gainst Bhutto
-Nawaz Sharif succeeds Benazir Bhutto as prime minister in an election believed to have been rigged with the assistance of the ISI.
1993- Harkat ul Ansar for Kahsmir Liberation, founded with the help, arms and training of the ISI-. It is a fusion of two Afhgan Jihadist groups Harkat ul Jihad al-Islami and Harkat ul Mujahideen. The leader of harkat ul Absar si Amjad Farooqi.
1994- the Taliban, bolstered and supported (and some say, founded) by Pakistan’s Inter Services Intelligence Agency (ISI) in Quetta, Pakistan,- crosses into Afghanistan and takes Kandahar .
1998- Oct. 1- Prime Minister Sharif brings in Islamic law.
1999--Sharif begins to establish Islamic law throughout the country, despite widespread protest.
-Musharraf dismisses Sharif. Sharif agrees to go into exile rather than face criminal charges.
General Musharraf seizes power.
2001- Sept-- 9/11 Al Qaeda attacks on New York-: President Musharaff Sides with Washington against Taliban-ruled Afghanistan, under severe pressure from Assistant Secretary of State Armitage. This, however, gains Pakistan badly needed international loans.
-Pakistan's Inter Services Intelligence Agency (ISI) helps to form the the King's Party a coalition of Pakistan Muslim parties to back his election as president. The MMA, a large alliance of religious parties, the King's Party and Bhutto's PPP are the largest parties in parliament.
-many believe the MMA was patched together by the ISI to support Musharraf.
2002- -Musharraf bans the Islamist groups Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammad.
2004-2005- due to losses in Pakistan's Waziristan offensive against the Taliban and al Qaeda, Pakistan makes various peace deals with local Taliban-supporting tribes. The Taliba effectively control Waziristan.
The Red Mosque
2007- June- followers of Islamabad’s Red Mosque Islamist leader al-Ghazi attempt to impose Sharia law on the city.
-11 July- after a week-long stand off, security forces storm and seize the Red Mosque, killing over 80 militants.
-in the wake of the assault on the red Mosque, Waziristan and Pakistan erupt in revenge suicide and bomb attacks. In response to the violence and to US threats to pursue the Taliban inside Pakistan, Musharraf resume the military campaign inside Waziristan.
-November- Musharraf declares emergency rule claiming Islamist threats to the government. Opponents charge him with attempting to lengthen his dictatorship as he uses the emergency to sack the Supreme Court on the eve of its decision about the legitimacy of his election as president while still chief of the army.
-December 15- Musharraf ends the state of emergency, restores constitution.
Assassination of Benazir Bhutto
-December 27- Bhutto is shot to death as suicide bombers hit her retinue after a rally in Rawalpindi.
2008- November- Pakistani Commandos of Lashkar-e-Taiba attack Mumbai, killing over 200, targeting foreign tourists, Jews anmd non-Muslims.
The Contest for the Swat Valley.
2009- February- Pakistan government agrees to allow Sharia Law in the Swat Valley in return for a ceasefire with Taliban.
April- the Taliban breaks the Swat Vallley ceasefire agreement with Islamabad by taking more territory. The Government launches a massive operation to roust the Taliban from Swat and other North West territories.
Pakistan invades South Waziristan.
-over 170 are killed in Islamist terror attacks across Pakistan.
-the US congress passes a law by which US aid is reidrected from the military to the civilian government, with finds earmarked for the army entirely dependent on the army severing all ties to the militants.
-in response to the wave of terror, the Pakistan army launches a 30,000 strong invasion of Hakimullah's stronghold, Southy Waziritstam.
2010- August-September- devastating floods in most of the country. Presient Zardari criticised for not flying home in the midst of a European tour, hence failing to take charge in the crisis. The Pakistani army and government are slow to mobilizie, leaving space for Islamist militants like the Pakistani Taliban and Lashkar-e-taiba to deliver aid, strengthening their presence among the population and discrediting the govenrment.
Sept- 1- Pakistani Taliban suicide bombing kills over 30 in Lahore.
Sept 2-3- Insurgent bombings in the Northwest Frontier insurgent strongold and else where in Pakistan appear to be an effort to use the flood to further destabilize the country and a weak central government.
DISTANT BACKGROUND TO THE EVENTS:
While India began to fall under British control after 1840, the northwestern or Pakistan region, which centred on the Valley of the Indus River was mostly Muslim and wasn't formally acquired until the late 19th century. Northwest India had been relatively content under the British Raj but it was the Muslims of northern India who fared less well and consequently formed the Muslim League which distinguished itself from the larger and mostly Hindu Indian national Congress. This the Muslims who would in future make up Pakistan, were radicalized. Throughout the 1930s, the Muslim League, led by Mohammed al Jinnah, was increasingly alarmed by the power and size of the Hindu INC. In 1940, with the Lahore Resolution, the League declared that if the lot of Muslims didn't improve, Indian Muslims would move for secession. When India became independent in 1947, the Muslim League, rather than share an India dominated by the vastly Hindu INC and a Hindu majority, seceded to form the state of Pakistan in the western region of Baluchistan, Punjab and the Northwest Frontier.
Pakistan's Governor General was Mohammed al Jinnah. Two things were highly significant. The first was that Pakistan's raison d'etre was religious; it was formed as a Muslim state. Secondly, Pakistan inherited a British-made Indian constitution which was inadequate to a region which, despite being Muslim was ethnically diverse.
In 1956, Pakistan was finally given a constitution which proclaimed it an Islamic republic. Two years later, the country's short-lived democracy ended when President Ayub Khan took power in a coup d'etat. The tension between democracy and dictatorship would inform all of Pakistan's future history, west-leaning secular groups tending toward democracy while Muslim religious parties, alarmed by the threats of modern secularism, tending toward dictatorship. The idea of an Islamic State, meanwhile, seemed to be the only solution for an ethnically divided country. The result, time and again, was to be a dictatorship, to some degree Islamic. Yet that did little to solve Pakistan's most deep-seated political problem- how do you define Muslim in a society in which no one agrees on the definition of what it is to be Muslim? But Islam, undefined, remained the shibboleth. Never a marginal force, Islamic radicalism was always close to the centre of power, whether in the army, in government or in the official opposition. The pattern of secular and Muslim rivalry increased. The secular, nationalist and populist Ali Bhutto was elected President. In 1977, he was overthrown by the Islamist General Zia Ul Haq for dividing the country on his platform of "Islamic socialism." Though Islam would never find an official definition, attempts at secularized forms of Islam would only feed the electoral power of the religious zealots who wanted to exploit the very practice of democracy brought in by westernized elites, to form a state along the lines of a 7th century Caliphate. Minorities, even Muslim minorities, suffered; the Muslim Ahmadis, for example were designated a non-Muslim Minority. Radical Islam notwithstanding, Bhutto's family was to become a political dynasty and the accepted spearhead of the secular opposition.
Meanwhile, the ever shifting priorities of US foreign policy arrived at support for the Islamic Mujehadeen of Afghanistan in their resistance to the Soviet invasion of 1979. Ul Haq's Islamist regime received backing by Washington in return for help in arming and training the Afghan rebels. In 1978, Ali Bhutto was executed after being charged with corruption and murder. His daughter, the Oxford-educated Benazir Bhutto inherited the mantle of leader of the secular opposition and in 1984 founded the PPP or Pakistan People'd Party. She and her husband, Asif Ali Zardan like her father, would endure periods of arrest and exile and repeated charges of corruption by Islamist parties and governments. In 1988, General Zia Ul Haq was killed in plane crash, rumoured to be an assassination. In the same year, Benazir Bhutto was elected Prime Minister. In 1990 she was ousted on charges of corruption. She was succeeded as prime minister by Nawaz Sharif, chief councillor of Punjab province. Sharif took on the President's right to fire the Prime Minister head on. A forceful fiscal conservative, he faced down the president and the judiciary, eventually giving the position of prime minister almost despotic power. (Born in 1949 in Lahore, Sharif was the son of a Punjab indistrialist. He obtained a law degree and in 1981 became Finance minister for Punjab where he singificantly advanced rural development. In 1985, he became Chief minister of Punjab. On March 31 1988, he was made caretaker after President Zia Ul Haq dismissed both houses of parliament.) In 1988, the year Bhutto was elected, Sharif was re-elected in Punjab before running for Prime Minister on a conservative, anti-corruption platform. In 1990 Bhutto was ousted on charges of corruption. After the election of Sharaf as Prime Minister in November 1990, he worked with the private sector to strengthen Pakistan's industry and land reform for the peasants of Sindh. Despite US sanctions, he achieved economic progress. But in April, 1993, he was dismissed by the president. He was reinstated by the judiciary but after corruption allegations he had to resign along with the president in July. In 1993 Benazir Bhutto was re-elected. Meanwhile, the MML, a powerful alliance of religious parties, was expressly formed by the ISI to block the election of any secular party as well as to gather or to fabricate corruption charges against Benazir Bhutto. In 1996, Bhutto was duly dismissed, again on charges of corruption. In 1997, Sharif was re-elected prime minister and used his overwhelming majority to strip the president of his constitutional power to dismiss the Prime minister. Sharif made the the position of Prime Minister all-powerful, indeed unassailable to the point of dissenting from the Chief Justice. As a result, the president resigned and the supreme court justice was removed. In 1998, in response to social unrest, he suspended many civil liberties and set up military courts. Throughout his career he had already had several run-ins with chiefs of the military. In 1998, Sharif appointed General Musharraf to head the army. But Sharif angered the army by resisting pressure to give it political power, pulling it out of confrontation with India in Kashmir at the behest of the United States and dismissing its head, General Pervez Musharraf. In February 1999, Sharif signed the Lahore Declaration to normalize relations with India. Under pressure from US president Clinton, he withdrew the army from confrontation with India in Kashmir. Electricity shortages led him to put the army in charge of water and power but rumours of selling out to the generals led him to fire Musharraff. On October 12, 1999, Sharif's government was overthrown by Musharraf in a military coup. Charged with conspiracy, he faced criminal charges when the Saudi kingdom intervened and he was allowed to go to exile in Saudi Arabia. In 1999, Musharraf took power in a bloodless military coup and Sharif went into exile. After Al Qaeda's attacks on the United States on 9/11, Musharraf was coerced into supporting Washington's War on Terror, a campaign which would in fact amount to a war against radical Islam in Pakistan and Afghanistan. The US invaded Afghanistan and overthrew the Taliban obliging Musharraf to take up its fight against the Taliban resistance as well as al Qaeda, which had taken refuge in Pakistan's semi-autonomous tribal agencies. Musharraf, still presiding over an army which was at least in part Islamist and traditionally allied with the religious parties, as well as powerful Islamist elements in the ISI intelligence service, has had to walk a tightrope, on the one hand supporting Washington against the Taliban and al Qaeda and on the other, placating the religious parties and Islamist elements in his own government. In 2002, the ISI helped to form 'the King's party' (PML-Q) or the coalition of relgious parties that won Musharraff his electoral majority that year. If anything he needed them on side while he fought the Taliban for Washington. Marsharraf sent the army into Waziristan after the Taliban in the winter of 2003-2004. They were so badly mauled by the Taliban and its tribal alllies among the Mahsuds and Waziris that two peacve deals were stuck, in 2004 and February 2005, leaving Waziristan and effective Taliban "Emirate". By a September 2006 peace deal, by which the Waziristan Taliban would restrict their operations to Afghanistan and refrain from attacking Pakistani forces , Pakistan withdrew its troops to their bases. In Kashmir, meanwhile, Musharraf has cracked down on Islamist Kashmir separatists and made half-hearted attempts to stop the Afghan Taliban insurgency from hiding out in Pakistan. Faced on the other hand with a strong moderate, secular movement, he was been forced, nevertheless, to turn his attention to the development of a powerful Islamist cell in the Red Mosque, in central Islamabad, right under the nose of his intelligence agencies. bloc which has in turn prevented him from cracking down too hard on the Taliban.
SEE ALSO - MUMBAI TERRORISTS TRACED TO PAKISTAN: 11/27/08
PREVIOUS ENTRIES ON PAKISTAN:
3/27/09 Afghan Supply lines (from Pakistan) at root of Canadian deaths.
2/26/09 The Talban's Ancient Geopolitics.
9/10/08 Zardari elected Prime Minister.
8/18/08 Musharraf not to be praised or mourned.
3/25/08- PPP's Gillani is president of Pakistan.
2/20/08- Musharraf loses parliamentary vote.
12/27/07- Benazir Bhutto assassinated.
11/03/07 -Musharraf declares state of emergency.
RECENT BACKGROUND TO THE EVENTS: In January, 2007, tensions developed around the Islamist Red Mosque. Then, in the spring, mass protests erupted against Musharraf's firing of Pakistan's chief justice, Iftakar Mohammed Choudhury on charges of misusing his post. Choudhury, an activist judge, had often demanded the investigation of the country's intelligence services on the issue of missing persons and other matters involving military rule. It appears the anger about his dismissal was shared both by Islamist and democratic opponents of the government. Meanwhile, weeks of conflict involving Pakistan's Islamist extremists finally culminated in the army's assault on the Red Mosque and the killing of most of its radical defenders which led in turn to counter-attacks by Islamists all around the counrty. To make matters worse for Musharraf, the Supreme Court reinstated Choudhury. With Musharraff weakened by the Choudhury and Red Mosque affairs, Benazir Bhutto, in exile in England, chose the moment to gamble on a return to Pakistan by offering Musharraff a political partnership. As sole viable opposition leader it seemed a wise move. Moreover the return of her old adversary, Nawaz Sharif was nipped in the bud when when Musharraf had him arrested and exiled again at the airport September 8. The future of Pakistan is more likely being played in the Supreme Court than it is on the electoral field. On September 16, the court declared that a civil servant, contrary to former rulings can run for office without a mandatory two years absence from his post- clearing the way for Musharraf to run in elections. He had to abide by a promise to resign his army post upon taking office. He had to honour a pledge for Benazir Bhutto to return to Pakistan on October 17 free of corruption charges in return for having her her PPP party abstain instead of voting against him. Such was the atmosphere in Pakistan that Bhutto, arriving from exile in Britain, narrowly escaped death from a suicide attack on her convoy. On November 3, Musharraf declared a state of emergency allegedly on the grounds of a conspiracy from religious militants, though it was generally believed that he was merely lengthening his rule; and indeed he used the emergency to sack supreme court justices before they made a decision on the legitimacy of his election victory while still in uniform. Many of his political opponents were imprisoned; all political activity was banned; there was a crackdown on the media and Bhutto was placed under temporary house arrest to prevent her from leading a rally against the state of emergency. Musharraf promised elections for the post of Prime Minister on January 8 but most doubted that they would be free and fair. On December 15 he ended the state of emergency and restored the constitution, causing some question as to whether the state of emergency had indeed been imposed because of a threat from militants. On December 27, Bhutto, while campaigning in Rawalindi, was assassinated in a suicide bomibing. Nawaz Sharif was the only significant candidate left standing in what appeared to be an opposition vacuum, until the PPP declared Bhutto's 19 year old son her successor at the head of the party with her widowed husband Asif Ali Zardari acting as regent in what seems more than ever to be a dynasty. Sharif, meanwhile, instructed his own party to boycott the January vote. Suspicions that Musharaff, through negligence or conspiracy allowed the assassination to happen, resulted in widespread rioting verging on anarchy. At the beginning of 2008, Musharraf postponed the election from January 8 to February 19 on grounds of bad security. In the run-up to the elections, suicide bombings took dozens of lives. The intention, most likely, was to prevent what was almost certain to be the return of moderate secular and moderate relgious parties to power. Nevertheless, Pakistan had the courage to vote.
Immediately the PPP's Asaf Zadari and opposition PML-N leader Nawaz Sharif consider a coaltion in order to oust President Musharraf. In March, though Sharif is still prevented from running for office by pending charges for hijacking. Yusuf Raza Galani is elected Prime Minister and by August, the agreement by Zardari and Sharif has taken the form of a plan to impeach Musharraf. Suprisingly, perhaps, Musharraf resigns and in Septemmber, Zardari is elected president.
The burden of the new leadership becomes apparent when the Hotel Mariott is bombed killing 50, with Islamists claiming responsbility. Zardari finds himself between Islamists and his American ally as he protests US drone missile striles inside Pakistan in November. His country's fragile relationship with the west is further tested as Pakistan borrows billions from the IMF to fend of its debt crisis. In December, November's Mumbai massacre is traced by Indian intelligence to a Pakistani terror group with suspicion focusing on Lashkar-e-Taiba and links to elements in Pakistani intellligence.
With the Taliban, meanwhile, in virtual control of Pakistan's northern Swat Valley, the government agrees in February, 2009, to allow the imposition of Sharia law in Swat in exchange for a ceasefire. Pakistan's internatiomnal status falls lower yet in March as a bus carrying the Sri Lankan soccer team is ambushed in Lahore with several players injured and five police killed. In a rare victory for secularism and democracy, the government is pushed by mass protests into reinstating Supreme Court Justice Choudry and other justices fired by Musharraf. Terror returns to Lahore as insurgents kill 40 at a police academy.
In April the Taliban breaks the Swat Valley ceasefire and annxes more territory as the government launches a military operation to cear Taliban from the region. On July 8th fanaticism rears its head in Punjab as eight Christians are burned alive by Muslim extremists in Gojra in Punjab. 17 insurgents are arrested in the atrocity and realeased without trial.
Meanwhile, fear of war between India and Pakistan remains so great that Prime Minister Gilani meets Prime Minister Singh of India, in July in Cairo, to plot a strategy to fight terror without regard to political or relgious differences. At home, later in July, Nawaz Sharif is cleared of an old hijacking charge, enabling him to run for office. The same month, finally, the army clears the Taliban out of Swat Valley. In August, Pakistan sends out an international alert in order to track eleven suspects November's Mumbai massacre. In a move to erase the authoritarian legacy of Musharraf, President Zardari orders the suspension of supreme court judges Musharraff had apppointed to replace those he had fired.
With the death of Pakistani Taliban leader Baitullah Mehsud in a US drone missile attack at end of summer, a new leader, Hakimullah Mehsud, rises to ereplace him in October.
In one of US president Obama's changes of policy, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton obtains passage of a bill in Congress separating military from civilian aid to Pakistan, making military aid dependant on Pakistan purging Islamist elements from the intelligence services and the military. In the fall, after a wave of terror attacks kills 170 across Pakistan, the army, also acting under US pressure, begins a 30,000 man offensive to destroy Hakimullah's Taliban insurgency at its home base in South Waziristan. But just as Secretary of State Clinton arrives for a visit in Pakistan, nearly 100 are killed in a terrorist bombing in a Peshawar market.
REMOTE BACKGROUND TO THE EVENTS. From ancient times, the region of the Indus river lay at the frontier between invasion from west and central Asia and the empires of the Indian subcontinent. In the third millenium BC, the Aryans invaded from Central Asia. The Indus, which runs southward from the highlands of Central Asia and forms northwest India's natural border with continental Asia, would provide a route of invasion and migration into India for millennia to come. In the fourth and third centuries BC, the Maurya empire of the Indian subcontinent governed the region as far as Afghanistan. In the early centuries AD, the region of the Indus was invaded and ruled by the Kushans of Central Asia. Thenceforward, southeastward expansion from Asia would form the pattern up until British rule in the 19th century. In 711, Arabs invaded, establishing Islam in the region of Pakistan. Mahmud of Ghazni an Afghan warlord of the Abbasid Caliphate, continued the pattern of conquest from the northwest, conquering Sindh, crossing the Indus and plundering northern India. In the 13th century, the Mongol invasions penetrated the region from the north. In the early16th century, a Central Asian Muslim warlord took the region again. Babur established his rule from central Asia to northern India and founded the empire of the Moghuls which would last until British rule. The late 16th century saw a rare reversal of the pattern in which the Moghul emperor Akbar, from his base in northern India, reconquered Sindh and Afghanistan- establishing enlightened rule and an attempted synthesis of Hinduism and Islam. In the eighteenth century, even as Britain began to colonize India, Persian and Afghan Muslim warlords established brief empires extending south and east across the Indus and into northern, Moghul India. With the British occupation of Sindh, West Punjab, Baluchistan and the Northwest in the late 19th century, the old pattern of conquest from the northwest ended.
TIMELINE FOR THE HISTORY OF PAKISTAN:
-the region west of India encompassing what is now Baluchistan, the Northwest Frontier, West Punjab and Sindh.
3000-1750 BC- the highly developed civilization of Mohenjo-Daro on the Indus River.
1500 –600 BC- migration of Indo-Aryan peoples into western and northern India. Vedic religion develops.
540-512- Persian conquests of northwest India.
327- Alexander the Great takes parts of northwest India.
The Mauryas
321-185 BC- the Mauryan empire- the subcontinent’s first state system which stretches from Afghanistan to southern India.
303 BC- the Greek successor to Alexander, Seleucus is expelled from northwest India and Afghanistan as Changragupta Maurya extends an empire of the central Ganges up to Kabul, Herat and Kandahar.
269-232 BC- 3rd Mauryan ruler, Ashoka, establishes Buddhism in the region.
The Kushans
1-200 AD- the Central Asian Kushan empire rules from north India to Afghanistan to Central Asia.
-the Kushans, caught between pressure from the Hsiang-Nu Chinese in the east and Persia in the west, invade Afghanistan and Sind before conquering part of northern India. The route southeast from central Asia to the Gangetic plain of northern India will be used for repeated invasions, the invaders always coming from the Afghan region and the north.
140 AD- Under Kanishka, the Kushan Empire extends into northern India. Afghanistan is divided between the Kushan Empire on the North and the Parthian empire to the south.
67 AD- the Kushan people, having prevailed from among the Yue Chi, form in force on the northern edges of Afghanistan and displace the Suren dynasty from northern India.
230 AD- the Kushan Empire dissolves into principlalities which rule until 400.
Islam
650 (circa) the Pratihara kingdom stops the Arabs of Sindh from overrunning Rajasthan.
711- Muslim Arabs conquer the Indus valley.
800- Western Afghanistan is the Khorasan region of the Abbasid Empire. Eastern Afghanistan, including Kabul and Kandahar is in the non-Islamic tribal region of the Indus. There is already a circular trade route anticipating the modern ring road from Kandahar to Kabul in the east to Balkh in the north and to Herat in the west.
1020- Mahmud of Ghazni (971-1030), an East Afghanistan Turkic warlord and mercenary for the Abbasid Muslims, is granted autonomy, as 'Sultan' to form his own dynasty.
1000-1027- in 17 raids, Mahmoud of Ghazni conquers a brigand's empire stretching from Kurdistan through Sindh to the Indus. Mahmoud's campaigns are against the Shia Fatimids and non-Muslims like Buddhists and Hindu India. Has a reputation as a bloodthirsty tyrant.
1173-1206- Muhammad of Ghur, another Turkic warlord from Central Asia, also takes Sindh, crosses the Indus, conquering all of northern India and establishing a capital at Delhi which is to remain the capital of Muslim India. His sultanate will last until the arrival of the Moghuls in 1526.
1221- Gengis Khan and the Mongols penetrate the Punjab region.
1296-1306- a subsequent Mongol invasion of northern India is repelled by the sultans of Delhi.
1300- the Valley of the Indis is ruled by the Delhi Sultanate.
1346-1564- Vijayanagar: the last Hindu resistance to Muslim rule.
1398- the central Asian Warlord, Tamerlane, takes Sindh, crosses the Indus and sacks Delhi.
The Moghuls.
1483- the Muslim conqueror Babur fails to establish a kingdom in his native Uzbekistan and instead takes Herat and Kandahar, making them the centre of his future empire.
1545- Kabul is annexed as a Moghul military and administrative area.
1526-761- the region was ruled by the Moghul Emperors.
1526- Babur, the first Moghul, invades India, takes the Gangetic plain and founds the Moghul Empire in India.. A Central Asian warlord, his Moghul empire includes Afghanistan and India.
1540-1545- Babur’s son Humayun loses control to the Afghan chieftan Sher Shah.
1546- battle of Panipat: Humayun’s son Akbar the Great recovers the area from the Afghans, extending it to Deccan.
1542-1605- in a rare reversal of the pattern of invasion, Akbar reasserts control over northern India and crosses the Indus to conquer Sindh and Afghanistan. Liberal and enlightened, he establishes tolerance and attempts to form a synthethis of Hinduism and Islam called the Divine Faith.
1585- the Sikhs are autonomous in the region of Lahore, Pakistan.
1658-1707- the Mogul emperor Aurangzeb pushes the boundaries of the empire southward.
The Marathas- coastal Western India.
1659- Shivaji (1627-1680) gathers local hill-dwellers of Bijapur against the Moghuls. The Moghuls send a force against him but he defeats them.
1660s- Shivaji gains power- his locality growing as a “robber state” by extracting protection money.
1674-1680- Shivaji makes himself Raja of Maratha kingdom in west India as the Moghul empire declines.
-the Emperor Aurangzeb’s defence of the Muslims at the expense of the Hindus leads to war with the Marathas.
The British
1700-1800- the British consolidate their trading power in India through the East India company, taking advantage of the weakened Moghul emperor, Aurangzeb, and make India a British colony.
Nadir Shah
1738- Nadir Shah of Persia invades Afghanistan and northern India, his empire lasting only until his assassination in 1747.
Ahmad Shah
1747- Ahmad Shah (of the Saddozai family, Abdali clan) commander of Nadir's body guard, takes the name Durrani, meaning 'Pearl of the Age' and establishes the Durrani dynasty of Afghanistan, unites varied tribes in southern Afghanistan around their common link: the Pashtun language. He invades the Gangetic plain of India conquering and weakening the last Moghul emperor Aurangzeb. The modern Afghan nation begins to take shape. His empire extends from near the Caspian Sea to India.
-1750- under British and Afghan pressure, the Moghul empire shrinks to an area around Delhi.
-in west, coastal India, the Maratha empire becomes a confederacy of leading local families: Bhonsle, Gaekwad, Holkar and Sindia) under hereditary ministers (Peshwas).
-the Peshwa of Maratha asks for British intervention to settle an internal dispute.
1761- Ahmad Shah defeats the Marathas of India at Panipat
1775-82- first British-Maratha war.
1803-1805- second British-Maratha war.
1818- the Marathas destroyed in a third war with the British.
British Acquire Sindh, Punjab.
-1840s- the region fell under British rule.
1849- -the British atke over the Frontier region from the Sikhs. the Deputy Commissioner, Dera Ismail Khan (NWFP)and Bannu controls all political matters in Waziristan- even though the tribes of neighbouring North Waziristan are under the sovereignty of the Kabul government.
-in Waziristan on the border with Afghanistan, two Pashtun tribes, the Waziris and the Mahsuds use the mountainous region to resist British rule.
1860- 3000 Mahsud tribesmen attack a British regiment base in Tank (present South Waziristan).
1876- Baluchistan becomes a British protectorate.
-birth of Mohammed Jinnah.
1890- the British acquire west Punjab.
1893- the British acquire northern Balushistan.
1893-November , the Emir of Afghanistan signs a treaty renouncing all claims to Waziristan and the North West Frontier territories.
1893- the Durand line forms the limit of British territorial expansion into the Pashtun territories of Afghanistan. The Pashtun region, which had once defined Afghanistan, is split by the new boundary with Afghanistan. Western Pakistan is ceded to British India.
The Durand Line cuts through both Baloch and Pashtun tribes.
1894-95- Extensive British military operations against tribal insurgents in Waziristan.
1904- large scale disturbances in SouthWaziristan resulting murder of the Political Agent and Militia Commandant at Sarwakai
1906- founder of Pakistan, Mohammed Jinnah, joins the Indian National Congress.
1910- North Waziristan is made by the British into a full fledged agency
- the Durand line allows for the border territory of Waziristan to be autonomous, outside of effective British rule. Instead, the British ruled by paying subsidies to tribal chieftains.
-otherwise, the Pakistan region remains generally loyal to the British Raj; its inhabits fare relatively well under the British Raj and are well represented in the army and in government.
-but in northern India, where Muslims fare less well, the Muslim League is formed. Its leader, Jinnah, demands greater rights for Indian Muslims.
1913- in India, Mohammed Jinnah joins the Muslim League.
1915- because of the stresses of World War I, the Brtish make a peace deal in Waziristan. But instead, Waziri tribes attack, inflicting heavy losses on the British. The British retalliate with aerial ombardment.
1919- British road building and fortification i Waziristan only results in more bloody tribal attacks.
1919- the Third Afghan War. Pashtun tribes under Afghan warlord Ananullah, on both sides of the Durand line, defeat the British. The British concede nationhood to Afghanistan by the Treaty of Kabul. Ananullah attempts westernizing reforms.
The Hindu Indian National Congress vs. the Muslim League.
1930s- Ghandi’s vastly Hindu Indian National Congress, makes it more urgent for the Muslims in the north to form some sort of defensive association.
-as Muslims become marginalized, Mohammed Jinnah steps up the rhetoric of the Muslim League.
1931- seeing little hope in the face of the INC, Jinnah resigns.
1935- Jinnah returns to the Muslim League under popular pressure and reorganizes it along nationalist lines.
1935- the Government of India Act is established and will become Pakistan’s constitution in 1947.
1937- the Muslim league fares badly in Indian elections.
1940, March 23- The Pakistan or Lahore Resolution- Muslims declare that if their lot doesn’t improve, they’ll move toward creating a separate homeland. This is especially popular in the Muslim majority states of the northwest.
1945-1946- the Muslim league makes a powerful showing in provincial elections in India.
-Lord Mountbatten urges the secession of Pakistan.
Indian Independence, Formation of Pakistan.
1947- India becomes independent.
1947- Britain agrees to the formation of an independent Pakistan, separate from India.
-on partition of the sub-continent , the tribal leaders of Waziristan agreed to be a part of Pakistan, but with special terms and conditions.
-Shia businessmen like Raja Mamoundabad of Lukcnow help to finance the creation of Pakistan.
15 August- Pakistan becomes independent, comprising Sindh, Punjab and North-West Frontier with the Durand line remaining as the border between the two nations. The border still cuts through the region of the Pashtun people- despite Afghan claims on the entire Pashtun region, which includes much of the Baluchistan region of western Pakistan. Before departing the British had drawn the frontier between west Pakistan and India in haste, forcing bordering principlalities to join either India or Pakistan.
-As Governor General, Mohammed Jinnah, an Ismaili and Shia Twelver is Pakistan’s first head of state.
-East Pakistan formerly East Bengal, 1000 miles distant, is included in the new Pakistan.
-an exodus of about 5 million Sikhs and Hindus from West Pakistan into India.
1947- after much bloodshed, the western region separates from India to from the independent Muslim state of West Pakistan, and, on the other side of India in East Bengal, of East Pakistan.
-tension develops between populous East Pakistan and the dominance of West Pakistan which has the vast majority of educated government personnel
-North West Pakistan remains restive because of a history of devout Islam and relative autonomy under the British, while Pnjab has a history of close participation in the British administration.
-the new nation is founded as a Muslim nation, accepting all sects, Sunni, Shia, Ismaili and others.
-unable to find a constituion to govern its discordant entities, Pakistan will be governed by the Government of India act until 1956.
-August 14, 1947- death of Mohammed Jinnah, founder of Pakistan.
Pakistan-Afghan Tensions
-Afghan king Zahir Shah claims the Pathan (western Pashtun) state from Pakistan. Meanwhile, he extracts support from both the US and the Soviet Union
--the Waziristan tribes, led by the Faqir of Ipi, receive arms from Afghanistan which agitates for a fully independent Pashtunistan of all pashtun borderlands, including Waziristan.
-but Waziristan frnally becomes part of Pakistan with Pakistani independence. Pakistan still rules Waziristan as the British did, with subsidied paid to tribal chieftains.
1948 -Afghanistan opposes formation of Pakistan, refusing to accept the Durand line- starting rivalry between them.
-Pakistan moves thousands of Pashtuns into the border area as a bulwark between Baluchis and Afghanistan
Kashmir
1948-the Raja of Kashmir, Hari Singh, a Hindu, finds himself ruling an area with a Muslim majority. After a Pakistan-supported Muslim uprising in west Kashmir, India offers help, provided that Kashmir then becomes part of India. Pakistan, angey that it wasn;t consulted, supports the Muslim insurgents.
1949- the UN brokers a caesefire in Pakistan’s skirmish with India over Jammu and Kashmir. A planned UN-sponsored pleiscite over the fate of the area is never held.
1949- Cease-fire Line of Control (LOC) drawn between Kashmir and Pakistan
1950- Ayub Khan appointed first chief of the Pakistan military.
1956- Mar 23- Pakistan, heretofore governed by the Government of India Act, is proclaimed an Islamic republic and gets its own constitution.
1958- Oct 7- President Iskander Mirza annuls the constitution and declares martial law, turning powers over to army chief Ayub Khan.
Ayub Khan
1958- Ayub Khan, frustrated by the democratic process, takes power in a coup d’etat, abolishing Pakistan’s newfound constitution and democracy.
1958- Zulfikar Ali Bhutto joins cabinet as minister of commerce.
1962- Ayub Khan brings in a new constitution enacting "basic democracy" or local democracy while abolishing democracy at the national level.
1963- Ali Bhutto becomes foreign minister.
1965- war breaks out as India occupies Muslim Kashmir. Russia’s Kosygin brokers a caese-fire.
1967- after expulsion from cabinet, Ali Bhutto founds his own secular democratic party.
1969- Ayub Khan resigns due to economic difficulties.
1970- democratic elections. Yahya Khan is president.
Civil War with East Pakistan
1971- When East Pakistan’s Awammi league wins the elections, West Pakistan, under Yahya Khan refuses to recognize the result. East Pakistan breaks away from West Pakistan in a civil war and becomes independent as Bangladesh.
-the civil war embraces Kashmir. India intervenes on behalf of Mujibur Rahman and the Awami League.
-fighting breaks out on the western India-Pakistan frontier.
Ali Bhutto
-Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (a Shiite) elected president- begins in a populist, socialist regime. He brings in nationalization and financial independence from the US.
-Bhutto's rule is a high point for Shia hopes in Pakistan and of inclusive Muslim nationalism. Sunni chauvinism begins to take control under Zia Ul Haq.
1972- India prevails in an uneasy peace. Cease-fire line between Kashmir and Pakistan (Line of Control) reasserted. Under the Simla agreement both sides agree to settle future disputes by negotiation.
1973- due to the OPEC oil crisis, Pakistan is thrown into economic turmoil.
1974- India tests its first nuclear bomb.
General Zia Ul Haq overthrows the Bhuttos
1977- right wing and Islamist opposition to Bhutto leads to a military coup by General Zia Ul-Haq.
1977-1984 after returning from her education at Oxford, Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Ali Bhutto is sentenced to house arrest.
1978-1988 Zia Ul Haq becomes president, imposes martial law, prohibits political activity and introduces Sharia.
1978- Prime Minister Ali Bhutto is arrested by Zia Ul Haq's regime on charges of corruption and murder.
July 5- Bhutto is released.
July 29- Bhutto begins campaigning for his return to power.
Sept 3- Bhutto is re-arrested and freed on bail September 13.
Sept 17- Bhutto is imprisoned.
Oct 24.- Bhutto is tried for vote rigging, corruption and the murder of a political opponent.
1979- April 4- after being sentenced to death, Bhutto is hanged.
-Shia minority, inspired by the Iranian revolution, begins to demand an end to discrimination by the Sunni majority.Backed by the Ayatollah Khomeini, thousands of Shia march on Islamabad to demand exemption from Isalmic taxes determined by the Sunni letal code. Fearing repercussions from Iran, the government gives in.
On behalf of U.S., Pakistan backs the Afghan Mujehadeen against the Soviets.
1979- Zia ul Haq repairs US relations by backing the US- supported Afghan Muhehadeen against the Soviet invasion. US support leads to high economic growth throughout the 1980s.
-Pakistan takes on 3 million Afghan refugees.
-Shia activists abandon Arab nationalism and communism in favour of Shia activism, and from the Shia political group, Tahrik-e Jafaria.
1984- Benazir Bhutto exiled to England with her mother. Benazir takes leadership of the PPP, the Pakistan People’s Party.
-the US arms Pakistan to back the Afghan Mujehadeen against the Soviet Union. This escalates the arms race between India and Pakistan.
-Quetta, Baluchstan becomes a base for Afghan Mujehadeen fighting the Societs.
-Sunni radical madrassas of Pakistan supported by Saudi Arabia, that began in the 1980s- are seen as a bulwark against Iran. They in turn give rise to the Taliban. So the Taliban arise from the confrontnation of Saudi Arabia with Iran.
-in south Asia, Shia are assertive- so India and Pakistan (largest Shia pop at 30 million, after Iran) become the battleground of Saudi-Iranian rivalry in the 80s and 90s.
-India and Pakistan have both acquired nuclear weapons.
1986- the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation is established and relieves tension between the two nuclear powers.
Return of Benazir Bhutto
1986- Benazir Bhutto returns to Pakistan and campaigns for fair elections. She marries in 1987.
1980s-1990s- Islamist groupb Lashkar-e-Toiba first fights Soviets in Afghanistan then switches to Kashmir
1988- President Zia Ul-Haq killed at Dhaka in a plane crash.
-Ul Haq’s successor, President Ishaq Khan brings back democracy.
Benazir Bhutto Prime Minister.
1988- Aslam Beg of the Inter Services Intelligence Agency (ISI) forms a coalition of religious parties (the IJI) against Bhutto. When the relgious coaltion loses, the ISI throws its support behind her rival, Nawaz Sharif, then Chief Minister of Punjab.
1988- Benazir Bhutto elected Prime Minister. She takes Pakistan back into the Commonwealth.
-in the extreme northern Pakistan Shia community of the Hunza valley, Sunni militants mount a raid, killing 150 Shia. Afterward, the Sunnis are allowed to build a mosque in the area.
1990- constant challenges from a conservatrive presidency leads to the dismissal of Benzir’s Bhutto’s government. She is charged with corruption charges in an offensice believed to be backed by the ISI. Her husband is also placed under arrest for corruption.
Bhutto Ousted.
1990- ISI brokers another coalition against Bhutto and raises large amounts of money to back Sharif gainst Bhutto
-Nawaz Sharif succeeds Benazir Bhutto as prime minister in an election believed to have been rigged with the assistance of the ISI.
1991- unrest in Sindh. Meanwhile Benazir Bhutto goes on an international lecture tour
1990s- internal instability due to constant charges of political corruption.
Bhutto re-elected.
1993- Benazir Bhutto leads opposition to Nawaz Sharif,
-Bhutto elected prime minister of a coalition government. Her regime is plagued by crime, the drugs trade, separatist unrest in Balushistan and Sindh and tribal unrest in the north west frontier.
- after her election, Bhutto is forced to relinquish all decision-making on nuclear matters to the army, in return for its support.
-Bhutto goes on to purge much of the military general staff of ISI supporters. As a result the military chief, Aslan Beg, (a loyalist of the one-time Zia Ul Haw distatorship) gets her excluded from all military decision-making.
-Harkat ul Ansar for Kahsmir Liberation, founded with the help, arms and training of the ISI-. It is a fusion of two Afhgan Jihadist groups Harkat ul Jihad al-Islami and Harkat ul Mujahideen. The leader of harkat ul Absar si Amjad Farooqi.
-the British-made Durand line lapses after 100 years.. Tribal leaders don’t recognize it. It is said to be "marked out on water'. Pakistan wants Kabul to accept the line. Kabul is reluctant to lose its claim to "south Pashtunistan." (Balushistan)
1994- the Taliban, bolstered and supported (and some say, founded) by Pakistan’s Inter Services Intelligence Agency (ISI) in Quetta, Pakistan,- crosses into Afghanistan and takes Kandahar .
-the Taliban refuse to accept the Durand line that determines the border with Pakistan.
-Iranian support for Shia activism petres out.
Bhutto Dismissed.
-1995- Bhutto encourages the formation of the Taliban, seeing it as a friendly Muslim party that will link Pakistan to trade with Central Asia.
1996- Benazir Bhutto’s government is dismissed by President Leghari on new charges of corruption and mismanagement.
1997- Feb. Benazir Bhutto is defeated in elections. She is succeeded by Nawaz Sharif and becomes leader of the opposition.
-Sharif removes a constitutional amendment which gives the president the power to dismiss the prime minister.
1998- Sharif resists pressure from the army to allow the generals a say in government.
Oct. 1- Sharif brings in Islamic law.
1999- Benazir Bhutto removed as a member of parliament and along with her husband is tried, fined and sentenced for corruption.
-Benazir Bhutto chooses self-imposed exile in Dubai.
1999- Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, though democratically elected, puts water and power under the control of the army.
-Sharif begins to establish Islamic law throughout the country, despite widespread protest.
-Sharif withdraws the army from Kashmir and dismisses its head, General Musharraf, angering the army.
-Musharraf dismisses Sharif. Sharif agrees to go into exile rather than face criminal charges.
General Musharraf seizes power.
-General Musharraf takes power in a military coup. Musharraf suspends the constitution, asserts control over the judiciary and parliament.
The Lahore Declaration and Renwed Problems in Kashmir.
1999-Lahore Declaration. India and Pakistan swear to settle differences by negotiation.
1999- 600 Islamic militia from Pakistan occupy Indian Kashmir, provoking retaliatory air strikes from India.
2001- Sept-- 9/11 Al Qaeda attacks on New York-: President Musharaff Sides with Washington against Taliban-ruled Afghanistan, under severe pressure from Assistant Secretary of State Armitage. This, however, gains Pakistan badly needed international loans.
-India and Pakistan mass troops along the LOC as tensions build again in Kashmir.
-to placate angry Islamists, Musharraf takes a softer policy on Kashmir.
-PPP member Raza Gillani convicted by Musharraf's anti-corruption court of making illegal government appointments. He serves five years in jail. The PPP claims the prosecution was aimed at forcing PPP members to join the Musharraf government
-Dec 13, - attack on Indian parliament carried out by Pakistan-based militant groups, Jaish e Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Toiba
2002- after the US invasion of Afghanistan, the Taliban are pushed into the border tribal areas of Baluchistan.
-Pakistan begins a troop build-up along the border with Afhganistan.
-Pakistan's Inter Services Intelligence Agency (ISI) helps to form the the King's Party a coalition of Pakistan Muslim parties to back his election as president. The MMA, a large alliance of religious parties, the King's Party and Bhutto's PPP are the largest parties in parliament.
-many believe the MMA was patched together by the ISI to support Musharraf.
-the MMA forms an alliance with the 'King;s party' to back Musharraf in the elections.
Musharraf Consolidates Power, extends Dictatorship,
-Musharraf wins presidential elections. He gains 5 more years in office in a referendum criticized as unconstitutional and biased. He awards himself sweeping new powers.-2002- Musharraf election.
-after Musharraf is elected, an amenndment known as the 'legal framework order' gives him a five year term plus the power over many civil institutions and the power to dismiss national and state assemblies. The MMA is indispensable in getting the 'Legal Framework Order' passed into law. The parliament becomes Musharraf's instrument.
-Musharraf bans the Islamist groups Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammad.
-Parliamentary elections result in a deadlock with increased power for the religious parties.
-Pakistan tests missiles that have nuclear capability.
Daniel Pearl.
-Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl is murdered in Karachi by decapitation while investigating local links to the 9/ll attack. His killer , Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh of the
Jaish e Mohammed Islamist group is later arrested and executed.
The Islamist Threat and the ISI
2003- the Northwest Frontier Province votes for Sharia law.
-when Misharraf considers cracking down on the Taliban, his main supporter, the MMA sponsors mass demonstrations and thretens to withdraw its support
-Washington asks the ISI to hand over al Qaeda militants, but the ISI only hands over foreign Al Qaeda foot soldiers.
-ceasefire between India and Pakistan in Kashmir.
-Dec. attempt on Musharraf’s life as his motorcade is bombed.
-Shia-Sunni tensions increase with the US invasion of Iraq.
-2003-2004- winter. The Pakistan army launches assaults against the Taliban and al Qaeda in Waziristan.
2004- nuclear scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan admits to having leaked nuclear secrets to North Korea. He is placed under house arrest to placate Washington.
-Sunni-Shia violence in Karachi.
-March and June offensives against al Qaeda in the Afghan border area.
-Musharraf extends his term as head of the army.
- assassination attempt on Pakistan Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz.
-afer Islamist leader Amjad Farooqi is killed in shoot out with police in Karachi, Matiur Rehman takes his place.
-Matiur Rehman -alleged to have been involved in bombing of the Sheraton Hotel in Karachi.
2004-2005- due to losses in the Waziristan offensive against the Taliban and al Qaeda, Pakistan makes various peace deals with local Taliban-supporting tribes. The Taliba effectively control Waziristan.
-Dec. 2005- Abu faraj al-Libbi- al Queada leader No. 3- involved in an attempt on Musharraff at Rawalpindi. Libbi is arrested in Mardan. Matiur Rehman is wanted in connection ith the same plot.
-July 2005- Rehman invovled in another plot on Musharraf- disrupted by police.
2005- Baluchistan tribal militants bomb natural gas plant, forcing its closure.
-after July transit bombings in London, 200 militants from radical madrasas and elsewhere are detained in Pakistan
-an earthquake kills tens of thousands in Muzaffarabad.
2006- Pakistani civilians killed in a US missile strike near the Pakistan border in Waziristan.
15-17 Feb.- Afghan President Karzai visits Musharaff to ask him to stop Taliban infiltration from Pakistan. Karzai identifies Afghan commaders in Quetta among other areas of Pakistan. Musharraf says Afghan intelligence is unreliable and complains to Karzai about weapons smuggling into Bluchistan.
-Feb-March- Sunni-Shia violence in Karachi.
-March- attack on the US consulate kills State Dept FSO David Foy . Matiur Rehman is a leading suspect in planning the attack. Jundullah, reportedly led by Rahaman, may have been involved.
mid-July- Pakistani gov't orders crackdown on Taliban: police arrest more than 200 Afghans in Baluchistan- allegedly many were not Taliban.
The London Airline Terror PLot.
-Aug. 2- Pakistani security arrests Rashid Rauf in attempted London airline bombings. Still at large, his superior, Matiur Rehman worked as deputy for Amjad Farooqi’s Harkat ul Ansar- for Kahsmir Liberation
-Pakistan's SSG discovers through the arrest of Rashid Rauf that Lakshar –e- Toiba is linked to a terror group in the UK. Lashkar-e-Toyaba is also blamed for the Mumbai train bombings in July.
-many of the 9 London airline plot suspects arrested in Pakistan are 'facilitators' linked to Jiash e Mohammed and Lashkar e Toiba which provide safe houses and funds.
-Sept- Pakistan signs a treaty in Waziristan with the Taliban, promising that the army will withdraw to its bases, provided that the Taliban restrict their attacks to Afghanistan.
-Oct. -many of the British Pakistanis later suspected in the August 2006 attempted airline bombings in London travelled to Muzaffarabad as humanitarian earthquake relief in Jamiat ud Dawa, whose umbrella organization is Lashakr e Toiba. Membrs of the al Qaeda-linked Jundullah, a Pakistani terror group took them to training camps in Waziristan before returning to relief camps.
Oct. -raid on a seminary in Bajaur in the border tribal agencies, kills up to 80. Anti-government protests follow.
-Oct. -many of the British Pakistanis later suspected in the August 2006 attempted airline bombings in London travelled to Muzaffarabad as humanitarian earthquake relief in Jamiat ud Dawa, whose umbrella organization is Lashakr e Toiba. Membrs of the al Qaeda-linked Jundullah, a Pakistani terror group took them to training camps in Waziristan before returning to relief camps.
The Red Mosque.
2007- Pakistan rejects US claims that al Qaeda members are hiding in Pakistan.
-January- tensions increase around the radical Red Mosque in Islamabad.
-Feb-April- local tribes in Waziristan turn against foegin Taliban fighters for criminal activities and disrupting public order.
-Feb- the Mariott hotel in Islamabad is bombed.
-the New-Dehhi, India-Lahore Pakistan train is bombed, killing 68, mostly Pakistanis.
Musharraf Dismisses Chief Justice Chaudhoury
-9 March-mass protests follow Musharraff’s suspension of Pakistan’s Chief Justice Iftakar Mohammed Choudhury for abuse of power.
-March-April- 250 killed in clashes between South Waziristan tribesmen and al Qaeda militants.
April- protests increase against the dismissal of Justice Chouhury.
-12 May- several killed in rival demonstrations in Karachi over the dismissal of Justice Choudhury.
The Red Mosque
-June- followers of Islamabad’s Red Mosque Islamist leader al-Ghazi attempt to impose Sharia law on the city.
-11 July- after a week-long stand off, security forces storm and seize the Red Mosque, killing over 80 militants.
-in the wake of the assault on the red Mosque, Waziristan and Pakistan erupt in revenge suicide and bomb attacks. In response to the violence and to US threats to pursue the Taliban inside Pakistan, Musharraf resume the military campaign inside Waziristan.
-20 July- the Supreme Court reinstates Justice Choudhury
-9 August- Musharraf decides against emergency rule.
The Return of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif.
-23 Aug. the Supreme Court decides exiled oppostion leader Nawaz Sharif can return to Pakistan.
Sept. 8- General Musharraf has Sharif arrested upon his return to Pakistan. Sharif is exiled again to Saudi Arabia- in defiance of the Supreme Court's August ruling.
-14 September- Bhutto says she will return from exile in London in mid-October.
-16 September- Pakistan's electoral commission amends a clause stating that a government servant cannot run for office without first being retired from their position for two years. A public servant can now run without leaving office. The amended clause would allow President Musharraf to run again for president. Musharraf's term as president expires November 15.
-18 September- presidential lawyers say that Musharraf will step down as army chief only if he is elected president.
-Oct. 5-in a deal with Musharraf opposition PPP leader Benazir Bhutto agrees to abstain rather than to boycott the Pakistan election if the charges against her are dropped before she returns from exile in London.
Musharrraf Elected President.
-Oct. 6- Musharraf sweeps the elections.
-almost 200 are killed in fighting in North Waziristan as government forces fight Taliban and Taliban and al-Qaeda-aligned Islamist groups.
Assassination Attempt on Bhutto Upon her Return.
-Oct. 12- 2 suicide bombs directed at Bhutto's convoy from airport, kill donzens, upon her return from British exile.
Musharraf Declares State of Emergency.
-November- Musharraf declares emergency rule claiming Islamist threats to the government. Opponents charge him with attempting to lengthen his dictatorship as he uses the emergency to sack the Supreme Court on the eve of its decision about the legitimacy of his election as president while still chief of the army.
-Bhutto placed under house arrest as she plans a march against emergency rule.
-Musharraff says he will work with Bhuttto.
-Musharraf brings in a caretaker government.
-the chief election commissioner determines that elections for Prime Minister will be held on January 8, 2008.
-the election commission ratifies Musharraf's second five-year term in office.
-Nawaz Sharif allowed to return from exile.
-Musharraf hands over command of the Armed Forces to General Ashfaq Kayani.
-Bhutto says she may boycott the January 8 election.
-December 15- Musharraf ends the state of emergency, restores constitution.
Assassination of Benazir Bhutto
-December 27- Bhutto is shot to death as suicide bombers hit her retinue after a rally in Rawalpindi.
2008- January -Musharraf postpones January 8 elections to February 18 due to instability.
-20 police killed at an anti-Musharraf rally outside the High Court in Lahore.
-the army kills 90 tribal militants in South Waziristan.
Victory of the PPP and the PML-N in Parliamentary Elections.
Opposition Parties Gain Seats.
-Feb 18- the PPP and the PML-N sweep parliamentary elections, reducing Musharraf's PML Q.
The PPP's Asif Zardari Bhutto and the PML-N's Nawaz Sharif consider a coalition to oust Musharraf.
March- Yusuf Raza Gilani of the PPP becomes Prime Minister.
August- The PPP and the PML-N agree to launch impeachment proceedings against General Musharraf.
Musharraf Resigns
Musharraf resigns. Senate speaker Muhammed Sumroo takes on the role of acting president.
Asif Ali Zardari, Bhutto's widower declares himself a candidate for presidental elections on September 6.
PML-N leader Nawaz Sharif withdraws his party from the governing coalition on grounds that the PPP has broken its promise to help reinstate the supreme coourt judges fired by Musharraf.
Zardari Elected President.
September, 2008- Asif Zardari is elected President.
-Islamabad's Mariott Hotel is bombed leaving 50 dead. An islamist group claims responsibility.
November- President Zardari protests US missile strikes inside Pakistan.
November- Pakistani Commandos of Lashkar-e-Taiba attack Mumbai, killing over 200, targeting foreign tourists, Jews anmd non-Muslims.
-Pakistan borrows billions from the IMF to deal with its debt crisis.
December, 2008- India traces the Mumbai teror attacks in which dozens were killed, to Pakistan. Pakistan denies inolvement but promises to cooperate in the investigation. The Pakistani terror group, Lashkar-e-Toiba is strongly suspected.
The Contest for the Swat Valley.
2009- February- Pakistan government agrees to allow Sharia Law in the Swat Valley in return for a ceasefire with Taliban.
March- in Lahore, a bus carrying the Sri Lanka cricket team is attacked by Islamist militants. 5 police are killed, 7 players injured.
-government agrees to reinstate Supreme Court Justice Choudhry and other judges dismissed by Musharraf in the faces of mass protests.
-40 are killed as gunman attack the Lahore police academy.
April- the Taliban breaks the Swat Vallley ceasefire agreement with Islamabad by taking more territory. The Government launches a massive operation to roust the Taliban from Swat and other North West territories.
July- 2009- primer ministers of India and Pakistan meet in Cairo, forging an agreement to fight terrorism without regard to other differences between the two countries.
July- 8 Christians burned alive in Punjab town of Gojra. 17 Islamist militants arrested in the crime are later released without trial.
-Nawaz Sharif acquitted by Supreme Court of hijacking charges, freeing him to run for office.
-Government troops clear the Swat Valley of the Taliban.
August 2009- Islamabad alets international security bodies in an attempt to track down 13 suspects in the Mjumbai massacre.
-President Zardari orders the suspension of judges appointed under Musharraf's emergency rule to replace the Supreme Court judges Musharraff had previously fired.
New Leadership for the Pakistani Taliban.
-Baitullah Mahsud, head of the Pakistani Taliban is killed in a US drone missle attack.
October- the new Taliban leader, Hakimullah Mehsud, deeply connected to clans in his native Waziristan swears revenge for the death of Baitullah.
Pakistan invades South Waziristan.
-over 170 are killed in Islamist terror attacks across Pakistan.
-the US congress passes a law by which US aid is reidrected from the military to the civilian government, with finds earmarked for the army entirely dependent on the army severing all ties to the militants.
-in response to the wave of terror, the Pakistan army launches a 30,000 strong invasion of Hakimullah's stronghold, Southy Waziritstam.
Oct. 26- nearly 100 killed by car bomb in Peshawar market as US Secretary of State arrives in Pakistan.:
-120 killed in suicide bombing in Peshawar.
November- President Zardari gives authority over Pakistan's nucelar weapony tp Prime Minister Gilani to stop political pressure.
December 2009- 43 Shia massacred by Sunni radicals in Karachi.
2010
Jan-June- Baluch separatist militants kill 252 non-Baluch settlers in Balluchistan in the first 6 months of 2010.
April- Zardari submits to parliament a package of constitutional reforms intended to reduce the power of the presidency. The amendment is passed, eleminating previous amendments made by dicytators of the past, bringin in judicial reform and granting considerable autonomy to Pakistan's provinces.
- Washington arrests Pakistani national Faisal Shazad in an attempted car bombing in Times Square, New York City. The plot is then traced to Tehrik-e-Taliban, (TTP) a Pakistani Taliban outfit.
-May 4- Hakimullah Mehsud of the TTP claims responsibility and threatens further attacks against more US cities.
May 28- Lahore: 9 militants attack two mopsques killing 90 minority Muslim Ahmadis.
June- militants attack a court house in Karachi freeing prisoners arrested in the December 2009 attack on Shia in the city.
-August-September- devastating floods in most of the country. Presient Zardari criticised for not flying home in the midst of a European tour, hence failing to take charge in the crisis. The Pakistani army and government are slow to mobilizie, leaving space for Islamist militants like the Pakistani Taliban and Lashkar-e-taiba to deliver aid, strengthening their presence among the population and discrediting the govenrment.
Sept- 1- Pakistani Taliban suicide bombing kills over 30 in Lahore.
Sept 2-3- Insurgent bombings in the Northwest Frontier insurgent strongold and else where in Pakistan appear to be an effort to use the flood to further destabilize the country and a weak central government.
Sept 3- suicide bombing of a Shia relgious procession by rhe Pakistani Taliban in Quetta, Baluchistan, kills 46.
Sept- after US drone strikes endanger cilvians in the the Northwest, Pakistan suspends NATO supply route.
Oct.- former Pakistan president Pervez Musharraf launches political party from exile in Britian, apologizing for "negative actions while in power."
-political killings and bombings increase in Karachi.
Dec- tribal elders gathering at Mohmand near the Afghan border suffer fifty killed in double suicide bombing.
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