HISTORY IN THE NEWS
Dedicated to the background of contemporary events around the world.
The United States. Dedicated to the background of contemporary events around the world.
IN BRIEF: American military interventions have been carried with and without congressional approval, with and without the facts being made public, with and without explicit declarations of war.
IN THE NEWS: PRESIDENT OBAMA TAKES THE CASE FOR A PUNITIVE MILITARY STRIKE ON SYRIA TO CONGRESS.
THE FACTS:
Congressional Approval.
-US military operations and invasions have been ordered with and without congressional approval. According to the constitution, the president can order military operations, in rare cases of urgency and gravity, without consulting Congress. However, presidents have sometimes acted unilaterally without any such conditions.
-the use of 'Declaration of War' in the US Constitution is vague and and many believe it is implicit in an any US government authorization of the use of military force against another nation.
America's Defensive Wars.
-the First and Second World Wars and the invasion of Afghanistan (in the wake of 9/11) are the United States' only truly defensive wars.
-the Korean War and the Gulf War against Iraq were in defense of the United Nations.
-the Tripolitan War of 1801-1805 and the War of 1812 were largely about trade and maritime law.
-the United States occupied Haiti and Nicaragua because those countries had defaulted on international loans but the United States had murkier interests as well.
-the Mexican War and the Spanish American War were essentially wars of territorial acquisition by the United States.
-the CIA's covert Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba was in a sense an extension of the Spanish American War.
-American aims in the invasions of Grenada and Panama are debatable. The War in Vietnam and the 2003 US invasion of Iraq had little real justification.
-the US-led NATO bombing of Kosovo was a unilateral NATO humanitarian action taken without United Nations approval.
IN HISTORY:
THE KOREAN WAR. AUTHORIZED BY THE U.N.- CONGRESSIONAL FUNDING BUT NO CONGRESSIONAL VOTE
1950- Backed by Stalin, North Korea invades US-occupied South Korea. The US, with allied UN countries, occupies and defends South Korea.
THE INVASION OF GRENADA. NO DECLARATION OF WAR AND NO CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL.
1983 - The US under President Ronald Reagan invades Caribbean nation of Grenada, partly prompted by its concerns over the island's ties with Cuba.
RELEVANT DATES:
THE TRIPOLITAN OR BARBARY WARS- CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL BUT NO DECLARATION OF WAR.
1801-1805- war between the US and the Karmanli Dey of Tripoli (present day Libya) about the amount of tribute US shipping should pay to the Dey for protection from pirates. The US settles the issue by invading Tripoli.
1815- the US ends the paying of tribute or protection against piracy once and for all in a war with Algiers.
THE WAR OF 1812- DECLARATION OF WAR WITH CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL.
1812-15 - War of 1812 between the US and Britain, partly over the effects of British restrictions on US trade and Britain's boarding and searching US ships for deserters during the Napoleonic Wars.
THE MEXICAN WAR - DECLARATION OF WAR WITH CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL.
1846-May 8, The US invades Mexico to protect the independence of Texas which had separated from northern Mexico. The first conflict of the Mexican War occurs north of the Rio Grande River at Palo Alto, Texas when United States troops under the command of Major General Zachary Taylor rout a larger Mexican force. Zachary had been ordered by President Polk to sieze disputed Texas land settled by Mexicans
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR.
1860-61 - Eleven pro-slavery southern states secede from Union and form Confederate States of America under leadership of Jefferson Davis, triggering civil war with abolitionist northern states.
1861- the firs shots of the war are fired by Southern troops on the Union held fort, Fort Sumter, in South Carolina.
THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR- DECLARATION OF WAR WITH CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL.
1898- April 22, 1898 - The blockade of Cuba begins when the
United States Navy aids independence forces within Cuba.
Several days later, the U.S.A. declares war on Spain, backdating its declaration to April 20.
On May 1, 1898, the United States Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet
in the Philippines. On June 20, the U.S. captured Guam.
1898, May 12- San Juan, Puerto Rico is bombed by the American navy
under the command of Rear Admiral William T. Sampson.
Puerto Rico is overtaken by the United States between July 25 with its landing at
Guanica Bay and August 12. These acts during the Spanish-American War would
ultimately result in Spain deciding in December to cede lands, including Puerto Rico,
to the United States.
BANANA WARS- A SERIES OF MILITARY INTERVENTIONS WITHOUT DECLARATION OF WAR OR CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL.
1912-1928 August 14 - The United States Marines are ordered
to Nicaragua and elsewhere in Central America to protect
what are said to be American interests.
THE FIRST WORLD WAR. -DECLARATION OF WAR WITH OVERWHELMING CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL.
1917- February 3- The United States government cuts diplomatic ties with Germany. The Zimmerman Telegram is given to the United States by Britain on February 24, showing the offer by Germany to give Mexico back the southwest United States if they would declare war on the United States.
1917-18 - US intervenes in World War I, rejects membership of League of Nations.
THE SECOND WORLD WAR - -DECLARATION OF WAR WITH OVERWHELMING CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL.
1941 - Japanese warplanes attack US fleet at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii; US declares war on Japan; Germany declares war on US, which thereafter intervenes on a massive scale in World War II, eventually helping to defeat Germany.
THE KOREAN WAR. AUTHORIZED BY THE U.N.- CONGRESSIONAL FUNDING BUT NO CONGRESSIONAL VOTE
1950- Backed by Stalin, North Korea invades US-occupied South Korea. The US, with allied UN countries, occupies and defends South Korea.
THE BAY OF PIGS INVASION OF CUBA- SECRETLY AUTHORIZED BY THE WHITE HOUSE.
1961 - Bay of Pigs invasion: an unsuccessful attempt to invade Cuba by Cuban exiles, organised and financed by Washington.
THE WAR IN VIETNAM- OVERWHELMING CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL BUT NO DECLARATION OF WAR.
1962- February 7- The first sign of a looming Vietnam conflict emerges when President Kennedy admits that advisers already in Vietnam would engage the enemy if fired upon. The sending of these advisers acted as a compass-point of no return and there was no turning back once they took this crucial step which would inevitably lead the country into this conflict. Many believe that this day was the day that step was taken.
THE INVASION OF GRENADA. NO DECLARATION OF WAR AND NO CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL.
1983 - The US under President Ronald Reagan invades Caribbean nation of Grenada, partly prompted by its concerns over the island's ties with Cuba.
THE INVASION OF PANAMA. CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL BUT NO DECLARATION OF WAR.
1989 - US troops invade Panama, oust its government and arrest its leader, one-time Central Intelligence Agency informant General Manuel Noriega, on drug-trafficking charges.
THE GULF WAR- AUTHORIZED BY TH U.N.- MODERATE CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL (CLOSE VOTE IN THE SENATE) BUT NO DECLARATION OF WAR.
1990- August 2, 1990 - Iraq invades its neighbor, Kuwait, setting into motion the beginning of U.S. involvement in the Gulf War. Four days later, the United Nations begins a global trade embargo against Iraq. On November 29, the United Nations passes a resolution, #678, stating that Iraq must withdraw its forces from Kuwait by January 15, 1991 or face military intervention.
1991 - US forces play dominant role in war against Iraq, which was triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and ended with the expulsion of Iraqi troops from that country.
BOSNIAN WAR- AUTHORIZED BY THE U.N.- CONGRESSIONAL FUNDING BUT NO CONGRESSIONAL VOTE
U.N. intervention to stop the Serbian massacres of Bosnians and other campaigns of ethnic cleaning by Serbia and Croatia.
1999- January- Serbs driving out Kosovars through mass murder or ethnic cleansing. NATO bombs Serb Positions in Kosovo.
1999- 24 March- 10 June- NATO, led by US NATO forces, launches air strikes, destroying government offices, bridges over the Danube, and power stations. The Serbs are forced to withdraw from Kosovo.
THE 9/11 ATTACKS AND THE INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN- NO DECLARATION OF WAR BUT OVERWHELMING CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL.
2001 11 September - Coordinated suicide attacks on various high-profile targets, prompting the US to embark on a ''war on terror'' which includes the invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq.
2001 October - US leads massive campaign of air strikes against Afghanistan and helps opposition forces defeat the Taliban regime and find Saudi-born dissident Osama Bin Laden, who is suspected of masterminding the 11 September attacks.
THE IRAQ WAR- MODERATE CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL BUT NO DECLARATION OF WAR.
2002-2003- The United States, searching for a pretext to invade Iraq as part of a Middle Eastern democracy project, attempts to gain United Nations approval by claiming that Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein has concealed Weapons of Mass Destruction, namely agents used in bacterial or chemical warfare. United Nations inspectors find no such weapons. The United States then invades Iraq unilaterally.
2011- CIVIL WAR IN LIBYA- AUTHORIZED BY THE U.N.- CONGRESSIONAL FUNDING BUT NO CONGRESSIONAL VOTE
No fly zone and air support for Libyan rebels fighting the Qaddafi regime in U.N. operation led by France, the United States and Britain.
(With help from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States)
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